Packing & Export
The bottom carton carries the whole stack for the whole voyage. Board strength decays with humidity and time, which is what the safety factor is for.
— N
McKee prediction for a new, dry carton
McKee describes a new carton in a dry laboratory. Real cartons lose a large fraction of that strength to humidity, to time under sustained load, and to every hand-hole, print panel and misaligned stack — which is why the safety factor is typically five or more for long sea freight rather than a nominal two.
Carton Edge Crush (ECT) & Container Stacking Calculator — free, with the formula and a worked example, at Textile School.