HVI Replicate & Outlier Checker

G is a statistic, not a verdict: it must be compared against the tabulated Grubbs critical value for the replicate count and significance level in use — at n = 8 that is about 2.13 at 5% and 2.27 at 1%. The ceiling shown is a hard algebraic limit, (n−1)/√n, and no single value in a set can exceed it; a computed G above the ceiling means the suspect reading was not part of the set that produced the mean and standard deviation, which is itself a finding. Grubbs assumes an otherwise normal population and tests one outlier only, so applying it repeatedly to strip successive extremes progressively destroys the very distribution it relies on. Above all, a statistical outlier is not a licence to delete data. A reading may be extreme because the specimen genuinely was — contamination, a seed-coat fragment, a different growth — and discarding it because it is inconvenient converts a measurement into an opinion. Record every excluded value and the physical reason for excluding it.