Needle Punching
Punch density and penetration depth are set independently and do different jobs. Density builds strength; depth decides which barbs are doing the work.
— punches/cm²
All needle boards combined
Advance per stroke is the drafting mark control: too large and the needling stripes, too small and the web is over-worked and loses tensile in the machine direction.
Needle Punching Density & Penetration Depth Tool — free, with the formula and a worked example, at Textile School.