3D Weaving
Fibre volume fraction is fixed at the loom, not in the autoclave. If the preform will not compact to the target thickness, the laminate cannot reach the specification.
— %
At the stated preform thickness
Assumes full resin fill with no voids. Structural, aerospace and automotive parts are decision-support only here — every figure must be confirmed by coupon testing under the qualifying specification.
3D Woven Preform Fibre Volume Fraction Estimator — free, with the formula and a worked example, at Textile School.