Grid Emission Factor by Country: Official Figures for Textile Mills, and What Each Does to Scope 2

India’s official grid average for 2025-26 is 0.675 t CO2 per MWh, published by the Central Electricity Authority in August 2026. Bangladesh, Vietnam and Indonesia publish only margin factors, which are built for carbon-credit projects, and Pakistan publishes no measured grid factor at all. Below is the grid emission factor by country for nine textile manufacturing bases, each with its year, its basis and its publisher, followed by a worked example in this site’s calculator showing how far the choice moves a kilogram of dyed fabric.

These factors turn a mill’s grid kilowatt-hours into location-based Scope 2: kWh times the grid’s average emission factor. This site’s guide to the supplier carbon questionnaire fills in Scope 1 and both Scope 2 methods, field by field, from one illustrative dyehouse’s bills; this page deals only with the factor.

Grid emission factor by country: the official figures

One t CO2 per MWh is one kg CO2 per kWh, the unit the calculator takes; China and Sri Lanka publish in kg per kWh. Each row is the latest edition this page found on 3 October 2026.

Average or margin: which figure does a carbon questionnaire want?

A grid can publish four different numbers, and only one of them belongs in location-based Scope 2.

• Average: all the emissions of the grid’s power stations divided by all the electricity they supplied, renewables and hydro included. This is the figure the location-based method uses.
• Operating margin: the intensity of the plants that would run less if a project added clean power. Hydro, nuclear and other must-run sources are left out, which is why India’s operating margin is 0.963 against an average of 0.675.
• Build margin: the intensity of the newest capacity; in CEA’s database, the plants that make up the most recent 20% of generation.
• Combined margin: a weighted mix of the two, calculated with the UN Clean Development Mechanism’s grid tool to credit renewable-energy and efficiency projects.

The GHG Protocol rules margins out for this job: its Scope 2 Guidance, section 6.10, says companies must not use marginal factors, naming those from the CDM, in a location-based Scope 2 calculation. That matters for three rows in the table. Bangladesh’s 0.62 is a combined margin, as its Biennial Update Report shows. Vietnam’s letter issues 0.6592 for carbon-credit programmes and mitigation work, and the summary report behind it calculates a combined margin. Indonesia’s table labels its columns for calculating mitigation.

At the power station or at your meter

The Scope 2 Guidance (section 4.2) treats location-based factors as generation-only and puts transmission and distribution losses in Scope 3, category 3. India’s, China’s, Egypt’s and Türkiye’s averages are on that basis. Türkiye also publishes point-of-use factors that include the losses: 0.433 for a site on the transmission network and 0.465 for one on the distribution network. For Scope 2, use 0.430; the difference belongs in Scope 3. Sri Lanka publishes its average only per unit of electricity used, with the losses inside it. Use it, and say that it is consumption-based.

Carbon dioxide or all gases

Most of these factors count carbon dioxide only. Türkiye’s is the exception, at 0.434 t CO2e per MWh alongside the CO2-only 0.430. The Scope 2 Guidance asks you to report each gas where the factor provides it, and to document when methane and nitrous oxide are missing from a grid average (sections 6.7 and 7.2).

National or regional

Table 6.2 of the Scope 2 Guidance ranks an average for a defined grid region above a national figure. China publishes both: East China’s 2023 average is 0.5500, and provincial factors include Jiangsu 0.5827, Zhejiang 0.4974, Fujian 0.4211 and Guangdong 0.4419. Indonesia publishes per grid, so a mill on Java takes the Java–Madura–Bali row.

What if your country publishes no grid average?

That is four of the nine. Bangladesh, Vietnam and Indonesia publish only margins. Pakistan publishes no measured factor: this page found none from the power regulator, the system operator or the climate ministry. The nearest official number is in the Independent System and Market Operator’s generation expansion plan, which models 0.278 kg CO2 per kWh for 2024-25 in its base case. That is a planning output; if you use it, say so. None of the options below is perfect, so the rule is to label whatever you send.

• Ask which factor your buyer’s programme applies. Some platforms apply their own: the How to Higg guide for FEM 2025 says the Higg FEM allocates its standard country factor from FEM 2024 onwards and does not use a factor you enter. Matching the buyer’s choice avoids two Scope 2 numbers for one electricity bill.
• The IEA’s national factors are country averages of generation, the kind the Scope 2 Guidance gives as its national example, but they are sold. Emissions Factors 2026, released on 25 September 2026, costs €995 for one user, and the IEA requires an Enterprise licence if the results are published in an annual report.
• The IFI default grid factors (version 3.2, April 2022, published on the UNFCCC site) are free and cover every country here. They are combined and operating margins, the default basis for international financial institutions’ own greenhouse gas accounting, so they are no better than a national margin for Scope 2.
• If you use an official margin because it is the only national figure, write beside it what it is: for example, “Bangladesh combined margin, Department of Environment, 2021-22; no grid average published”. Never present it as a grid average.

How much does the grid factor move a kilogram of fabric?

Take an illustrative knit dyehouse, not a real mill’s data: 20,000 kg of fabric a day, 12,000 kWh of grid electricity a day (0.6 kWh per kilogram), and a coal boiler burning 8 t a day. These are the opening inputs of this site’s carbon footprint calculator. Only the grid factor changes from row to row. The boiler stays at the tool’s default of 2.42 t CO2 per tonne of coal, a fuel line of 19.36 t CO2 a day, so that the grid is the only thing that moves. The tool calculates the electricity line as kWh × factor ÷ 1,000, in t CO2 a day; divided by the 20,000 kg, that gives Scope 2 per kilogram.

On these official figures, the same dyehouse’s Scope 2 runs from 0.229 to 0.522 kg CO2 per kg of fabric, a swing of 0.293 kg. That is 25% of the lowest mill total. Three of the eight rows are margins, though, and the comparison that a buyer’s questionnaire would accept is between averages only: Egypt, Sri Lanka, Türkiye, China and India. Across those, the swing is 0.176 kg, or 15% of the lowest total.

• A rule of thumb for this mill: each 0.1 t CO2/MWh on the factor moves Scope 2 by 0.06 kg CO2 per kg of fabric. Scope 2 per kilogram is simply kWh per kilogram times the factor, so a mill drawing 1.2 kWh per kilogram moves twice as far.
• The shares are gate-to-gate. They are shares of this dyehouse’s own Scope 1 and 2, with a coal boiler doing most of the work. A cradle-to-gate fabric footprint adds fibre, spinning and knitting. This page has found no source for a typical share of the full footprint and quotes none.
• Check the calculator’s default. The tool opens at 0.71, CEA’s figure for 2024-25. For a 2025-26 year in India enter 0.675; the default overstates Scope 2 by 5%.

Which year’s factor should you use?

The factor for the year the electricity was used. The GHG Protocol help desk says so directly in its answer on recalculation (updated 7 April 2026): a grid’s intensity changes over time, Scope 2 calculations should use factors for the relevant year, and a more recently published factor is not automatically the more accurate one for an earlier year. Electricity used in India in 2024-25 takes CEA’s 0.710, not 0.675.

When that year’s factor is not out yet. Factors arrive late. Türkiye’s and China’s 2023 figures appeared at the end of 2025, and this page found no Vietnamese figure newer than 2023. The Scope 2 Guidance notes the lag (section 6.10.1 puts it at two to three years for eGRID or IEA data) but sets no rule for it. The GHG Protocol’s consultation draft of October 2025 proposed one: where only factors older than the reporting period are accessible, use the most recent. That is a proposal. The consultation closed on 31 January 2026 and no revised guidance had been published by 3 October 2026. Until then, use the latest edition, state its year beside the figure, and recompute when the matching year appears if your buyer asks.

Why a buyer may ask for a particular year. Base years. The Scope 2 Guidance (section 9.2) asks for the location-based total in a base year to be calculated with factors appropriate to that year, and notes (section 9.3) that reported Scope 2 can fall because the grid got cleaner rather than because the company did anything. A buyer tracking suppliers against a base year therefore wants the base year on its own factor and each later year on its own, so that the mill’s savings show apart from the grid’s. Under chapter 5 of the Corporate Standard, a more accurate factor triggers a base-year recalculation only if the change is significant against the company’s own threshold, and a factor change that reflects a real change, such as a cleaner grid, does not trigger one.

Editions revise past years. CEA’s version 22.0 revised 2024-25 with actual captive-plant data; the average stayed at 0.710. Record the edition as well as the year. If your buyer reports by calendar year and your factor runs April to March, apply each edition to its own months and say so.

How this page is kept

Last verified: 3 October 2026. This page is built from each publisher’s own document: the Central Electricity Authority’s CO2 Baseline Database (version 22.0); Bangladesh’s Department of Environment letter and First Biennial Update Report; Vietnam’s Department of Climate Change letter and summary report; Türkiye’s Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources information forms for 2023; Indonesia’s Directorate General of Electricity table for 2019; the Sri Lanka Sustainable Energy Authority’s Energy Balance 2023; China’s announcement No. 47 of 2025; the Egyptian Electricity Holding Company’s Annual Report 2024/2025; the Pakistan system operator’s generation expansion plan 2025-35; the GHG Protocol’s Scope 2 Guidance, Corporate Standard, help desk answer and Scope 2 consultation draft; Cascale’s How to Higg guide; the IEA product page; and the IFI dataset. Each is linked where it is used, and two Vietnamese documents and the Pakistani plan are linked through archived copies because the original sites no longer resolve or refuse automated checks. The dyehouse is invented; the calculator links reproduce its figures. When a publisher issues a new edition, the table is updated. This page describes published emission factors and accounting rules; it is not verification of, or advice on, a particular site’s inventory. Corrections are welcome through the contact page.