Textile Triboelectric Nanogenerator Output Voltage & Power

The formula

This is the expression the tool evaluates. Every term is named underneath, with the unit it must be supplied in.

How the result is derived

Step by step, from the values you type to the figure on screen.

1. The 5 inputs are read from the form on every keystroke: Triboelectric Charge Density, Contact Area, Maximum Separation, Actuation Frequency and Rectifier & Storage Efficiency.
2. Each value is checked against the accepted range in the input table below. A value outside its range stops the calculation rather than producing a misleading figure — the results blank out and a message appears.
3. The validated values are substituted into the expression above, which resolves Open-Circuit Voltage together with every supporting figure in one pass — no value is carried over from a previous entry.
4. The supporting outputs — Charge per Cycle, Energy per Cycle, Average Power, Usable Power After Rectification, Device Capacitance and Matched Load Impedance — come from the same pass, so they always describe the same case as the headline figure.
5. Results are rounded for display only. The full-precision value is used throughout the chain, so reading a rounded intermediate figure back into the tool by hand can shift the last digit.

What each input means

Where to read each value on the floor, the unit it must be in, and the range the tool accepts.

What the tool returns

The headline figure and every supporting value it is built from.

Worked example

The tool loads with this case already solved — the Open-Circuit Voltage shown above is its answer. Change one value and the difference from this baseline is the sensitivity of the result to that variable.

How to use it

1. Work through the input groups in order — Device and Motion & Circuit. The defaults are a realistic case, so you can change one value at a time and watch what moves.
2. There is no calculate button. Every figure recalculates as you type or drag, which is what makes this usable for a what-if sweep rather than a single answer.
3. Read Open-Circuit Voltage in the dark results panel — that is the headline figure, expressed in V.
4. Check the supporting rows underneath (Charge per Cycle, Energy per Cycle, Average Power, Usable Power After Rectification, Device Capacitance and Matched Load Impedance) before acting on the headline — they are where an implausible input usually shows itself first.
5. Reset to defaults returns every field to the reference case, which is the quickest way to check whether a surprising result came from the tool or from an input you had changed earlier.

Where this is used

• Process planning — establishing Open-Circuit Voltage before a trial is booked, so machine time and material in E-Textiles, Smart Wearables & Biomimetics are committed against a calculated figure rather than an estimate.
• Costing and quotation — Open-Circuit Voltage is an input to the cost sheet, and quoting from a worked number rather than a remembered one is what keeps a margin intact.
• Troubleshooting — when the floor result drifts from plan, entering the measured values (starting with Triboelectric Charge Density) shows how much of the gap in Open-Circuit Voltage each variable explains.
• Teaching and study — the accepted ranges bracket normal E-Textiles, Smart Wearables & Biomimetics practice, so moving one variable at a time shows the shape of the relationship rather than a single answer.

Assumptions and limits

• The matched load lands in the tens of megohms to gigohms, and that is the practical problem with TENGs — almost nothing you would want to power presents an impedance anywhere near it, so the power actually delivered into a real circuit falls well short of the average shown here even before rectifier losses. Charge density is not a material constant either: it collapses with humidity, drifts with surface wear and decays between contacts. Treat these figures as an upper bound from an idealised parallel-plate model.
• Every input is bounded to the range normal practice occupies (Triboelectric Charge Density 0.1 to 200 µC/m², Contact Area 1 to 1000 cm² and Maximum Separation 0.05 to 20 mm, and so on for the rest). Those bounds are guard rails against typing errors, not a claim that the formula fails one unit outside them.
• The calculation is deterministic: the same inputs always give the same result. It carries no allowance for machine condition, operator skill, ambient conditions or lot-to-lot material variation unless an input above explicitly represents one.
• Nothing is sent anywhere. The maths runs in your browser, so the numbers you type never leave the page.

Questions people ask