Size Liquor Viscosity & Yarn Penetration Depth Predictor

The formula

This is the expression the tool evaluates. Every term is named underneath, with the unit it must be supplied in.

How the result is derived

Step by step, from the values you type to the figure on screen.

1. The 7 inputs are read from the form on every keystroke: Liquor Viscosity, Surface Tension, Contact Angle, Inter-Fibre Pore Radius, Yarn Radius, Tortuosity Factor and Immersion Time.
2. Each value is checked against the accepted range in the input table below. A value outside its range stops the calculation rather than producing a misleading figure — the results blank out and a message appears.
3. The validated values are substituted into the expression above, which resolves Penetration Depth together with every supporting figure in one pass — no value is carried over from a previous entry.
4. The supporting outputs — Share of Yarn Radius Reached, Unpenetrated Core, Maximum Viscosity for Full Penetration, Immersion Time for Full Penetration and Free-Capillary Depth — come from the same pass, so they always describe the same case as the headline figure.
5. Results are rounded for display only. The full-precision value is used throughout the chain, so reading a rounded intermediate figure back into the tool by hand can shift the last digit.

What each input means

Where to read each value on the floor, the unit it must be in, and the range the tool accepts.

What the tool returns

The headline figure and every supporting value it is built from.

Worked example

The tool loads with this case already solved — the Penetration Depth shown above is its answer. Change one value and the difference from this baseline is the sensitivity of the result to that variable.

How to use it

1. Work through the input groups in order — Size Liquor, Yarn and Size Box. The defaults are a realistic case, so you can change one value at a time and watch what moves.
2. There is no calculate button. Every figure recalculates as you type or drag, which is what makes this usable for a what-if sweep rather than a single answer.
3. Read Penetration Depth in the dark results panel — that is the headline figure, expressed in µm.
4. Check the supporting rows underneath (Share of Yarn Radius Reached, Unpenetrated Core, Maximum Viscosity for Full Penetration, Immersion Time for Full Penetration and Free-Capillary Depth) before acting on the headline — they are where an implausible input usually shows itself first.
5. Reset to defaults returns every field to the reference case, which is the quickest way to check whether a surprising result came from the tool or from an input you had changed earlier.

Where this is used

• Process planning — establishing Penetration Depth before a trial is booked, so machine time and material in Advanced Sizing, Slashing & Preparation are committed against a calculated figure rather than an estimate.
• Costing and quotation — Penetration Depth is an input to the cost sheet, and quoting from a worked number rather than a remembered one is what keeps a margin intact.
• Troubleshooting — when the floor result drifts from plan, entering the measured values (starting with Liquor Viscosity) shows how much of the gap in Penetration Depth each variable explains.
• Teaching and study — the accepted ranges bracket normal Advanced Sizing, Slashing & Preparation practice, so moving one variable at a time shows the shape of the relationship rather than a single answer.

Assumptions and limits

• Washburn assumes steady laminar capillary flow into a wettable pore — real size boxes add immersion roller pressure, which helps, and air trapped in the yarn, which does not. Tortuosity is the fitted term carrying all of that, so calibrate it against cross-sections of your own sized warp before trusting the viscosity limit.
• Every input is bounded to the range normal practice occupies (Liquor Viscosity 0.5 to 500 mPa·s, Surface Tension 10 to 80 mN/m and Contact Angle 0 to 89 °, and so on for the rest). Those bounds are guard rails against typing errors, not a claim that the formula fails one unit outside them.
• The calculation is deterministic: the same inputs always give the same result. It carries no allowance for machine condition, operator skill, ambient conditions or lot-to-lot material variation unless an input above explicitly represents one.
• Nothing is sent anywhere. The maths runs in your browser, so the numbers you type never leave the page.

Questions people ask