Wet and dry processes that deliver the final hand and look. This section explains practical decision criteria, typical test methods, and failure modes that matter in real production. Readers get checklists, calculation steps, and case examples connecting specifications to cost, reliability, and compliance. Links map core concepts to upstream inputs and downstream processes so choices remain consistent across sourcing, manufacturing, and end-use performance. Each article includes definitions, diagrams where helpful, and plain-language notes to help newcomers ramp quickly while giving experienced professionals the depth needed to troubleshoot and optimize. Standards references are cited with context, and whenever trade-offs exist, we make them explicit so you can defend decisions. The coverage also includes metrics, data tables, and example calculations so results are reproducible. Where regulations apply, we highlight jurisdiction, scope, and verification pathways. Tools and templates are provided to speed up daily work without sacrificing rigor.
Computes warp, weft and Peirce cloth cover factors from sett and count, takes the worse of the two measured slippage forces against specification, and solves the cover factor and pick density a target resistance would actually require.
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Computes the surface strain a rubber belt develops around the compression roller, the compression actually applied at a given utilisation, the residual shrinkage that leaves, and the belt thickness or utilisation a target residual would require.
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Treats reactive wash-off as the geometric dilution series it is: computes the unfixed dye left after dyeing, the fixed fraction each rinse removes, the residual after a given number of baths, the baths actually needed to reach a target and the absurd single-bath liquor ratio that would match them.
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Turns drum and roller speeds into the surface speeds that matter, the slip between wire points and cloth for both pile and counter-pile rollers, the balance between them, and the relative travel a pass puts through the fabric.
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Derives screen open area and theoretical paste volume from mesh count and thread diameter, converts it into wet pick-up, dry deposit and dye applied per square metre, and gives the apparent viscosity a power-law paste has at squeegee shear rather than at rest.
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Models cyclic trimer released from polyester during high-temperature dyeing against what the cooling bath can still dissolve, returning the mass at risk of depositing on fabric and machine and the drop temperature above which nothing crystallises out.
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Builds the full heat balance for a pad-dry-cure line: sensible heat in the carried water, latent heat of evaporation and sensible heat in the cloth to cure temperature, then the burner rating, the specific energy and what five points off the mangle would save.
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Places a measured critical surface tension on the AATCC 118 test-liquid ladder to give the oil repellency grade achieved, the margin to the next rung, the critical tension a target grade demands and the Zisman contact angle at that liquid.
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Normalises the three moisture management tester outputs onto their index scales, blends them into the OMMC with the standard weighting, returns the grade, and identifies which index is limiting and what perfecting it alone would be worth.
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Separates metamerism from a plain shade mismatch by taking the colour difference under incandescent and fluorescent illuminants net of the residual difference under the reference, and reports the index, the margin against a limit and how many illuminants fail.
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