Weft and warp knitting both make fabric from loops of yarn drawn through other loops; what differs is the way the yarn travels. In weft knitting a yarn is fed across the needles and each needle in turn pulls a loop from it, so a row of loops (a course) is made by one yarn running across the fabric, as in hand knitting, T-shirt jersey, rib cuffs and socks. In warp knitting a sheet of yarns comes off beams, each needle is fed its own yarn, and guide bars wrap the yarns round all the needles at once, so every yarn zigzags along the length of the fabric from one column of loops (a wale) to the next, as in tricot lingerie fabric, swimwear, lace and power-net. Everything else follows from that. Weft knits stretch more across their width, a plain weft knit can ladder and unravel, and weft machines can shape panels and whole garments. Warp knits are flatter and more stable, cannot be unravelled course by course, and come off the machine in continuous widths, knitted from beams of thousands of yarns on tricot machines rated at up to 4,400 rpm.
Last verified: 11 October 2026. Machine speeds, widths and gauges are the makers’ own figures for the model named. Gauge E is needles per inch. Sources are linked in the text and listed at the end.
Weft and warp knitting at a glance
| Weft knitting | Warp knitting | |
|---|---|---|
| How the yarn is fed | One yarn (or a few, when plating) per feeder, laid across the needles; a single package can make a fabric | A sheet of parallel yarns from warp beams; guide bars give every needle its own yarn |
| Which way each yarn runs | Across the fabric, along the course | Along the fabric, zigzagging between neighbouring wales |
| How the needles move | One after another, each lifted by cams acting on its butt | All together, fixed in a needle bar; a whole course is knitted at once |
| Needles | Mainly latch; compound on some machines | Compound on tricot and many raschels; latch on other raschels; bearded on older machines |
| Machines | Circular (single and double jersey), flat V-bed, fully fashioned, whole-garment | Tricot (two to four guide bars), raschel (lace, power-net, nets), double-needle-bar raschel (spacer fabrics) |
| Basic structures | Single jersey (plain), rib, interlock, purl | Tricot, locknit, sharkskin, queenscord; raschel lace and power-net |
| Stretch | Most across the course; rib most of all | Set by the lapping: long underlaps give width-way stretch, pillar stitches lock the length |
| Ladders and unravelling | Plain jersey ladders and unravels from either end | Cannot be unravelled course by course; ladder-resistant |
| Shaping | Panels and whole garments can be shaped on the machine | Continuous widths only |
| Speed (makers’ figures) | 3,744 courses a minute: 96 feeders × 39 rpm on a 30-inch single jersey machine | 3,200 to 4,400 rpm on two-bar tricot machines |
| Width and gauge (examples) | Cylinders of 15 to 38 inches, E16 to E44 | 130 to 210 inches, E28 to E50 (E50 at 130 inches only); 330 inches on the widest |
| Yarn supply | Cones on a creel, one or a few per feeder; spun or filament | Beams carrying thousands of ends, wound first; filament is the usual feed, staple yarns are harder to run |
| Typical end uses | T-shirts, knitwear, socks and hosiery, underwear, fleece | Lingerie, swimwear, sportswear, lace, nets, car interiors, mattress covers, technical fabrics |
Each row is sourced in the section its label links to. The names come from weaving, where the warp runs along the cloth and the weft across it: a wale is a column of loops running lengthwise, “corresponding to the warp of woven fabric”, and a course is a crosswise row of loops, corresponding to the weft (Encyclopaedia Britannica). Both vocabularies are standardised: ISO 4921 defines the basic concepts of knitting and ISO 8388 the types of knitted fabric (ISO 4921:2000 and ISO 8388:1998, both confirmed as current).
How weft knitting makes a loop
In weft knitting “loops are made by each weft yarn and loops are formed across the width of the fabric”, and a fabric “can be made even from one supply package” (NPTEL, Introduction to Fabric Manufacturing, IIT Delhi). The yarn goes back and forth to make a flat fabric and round and round to make a tube (K.S. Rangasamy College of Technology knitting notes). Each needle has a butt that rides in a cam track; the cams lift and lower the needles one after another as they pass, so the loops of a course are formed in sequence. On a flat machine the cams sit in a carriage that travels across the needle bed, “producing course after course” (Groz-Beckert); on a circular machine the cylinder carrying the needles usually turns past stationary cams (NPTEL).
With a latch needle, the cycle runs like this (NPTEL). The needle rises, and the old loop on its stem pushes the latch open; it rises further until the old loop slides below the latch (the clearing position). It then descends, its hook catches the new yarn, and the old loop closes the latch over the hook, so the new loop is trapped inside. As the needle keeps going down, the old loop is cast off over the closed hook, and the new loop has been drawn through it. Hand knitting is the same structure made two pins at a time; on a machine “every knitted loop … has its own individual knitting needle” (Power, Developments in apparel knitting technology, 2008).
The counts in that caption are the knitter’s equivalent of ends and picks: wales per inch and courses per inch (ASTM D8007 is the test method for weft knits). In a fully relaxed fabric both are set by the loop length, so a shorter loop gives more wales and courses and a denser fabric, and fully relaxed single jersey settles at about 1.3 courses for every wale (NPTEL). The site’s page on the geometrical modelling of plain weft knitted fabrics follows the loop shape further.
How warp knitting makes a loop
In warp knitting “loops are made from each warp yarn and loops are formed along the length of the fabric”. The yarns arrive as a sheet from one or more warp beams, and guide bars feed them to the needles, swinging to and fro and shifting sideways (NPTEL). All the needles are fixed in one needle bar and move together, so they “produce parallel rows of loops simultaneously” (KSRCT). To join the columns of loops into a fabric, the guides shift the yarns between needles, so that a needle draws its new loop through a loop made by another yarn in the cycle before (KSRCT). The site’s page on warp knitting covers the method on its own.
Each guide’s path has two parts. The overlap is a sideways move, usually across one needle hook, that wraps the yarn round it and forms the head of the loop; the underlap is the move on the other side of the needles to the starting point of the next overlap, and underlaps are what join one wale to the next (KSRCT; the site’s page on the yarn guide in knitted fabric formation describes the lapping). The work is counted in racks: a rack is 480 courses, “the standard unit in warp-knitting” (New Zealand Qualifications Authority, unit standard 4720), and the run-in is the length of yarn a guide bar feeds over one rack. A longer run-in gives bigger loops and a looser fabric (KSRCT).
Needles: latch, bearded and compound
All three needle types draw the new loop through the old one with a hook. They differ in how the hook is closed so that the old loop can slide over it, and that sets their speed and where they are used.
| Needle | How the hook closes | Where it is used | Strengths and limits (NPTEL) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Latch | A pivoting latch, flipped shut by the old loop as the needle descends | Most weft knitting, circular (to E80) and flat; raschel warp machines | Self-acting and one piece, faster than bearded; more complicated, easier to damage, too thick for very short loops |
| Bearded (spring) | A springy beard pressed into an eye in the stem by a presser bar | The first needle type; in warp knitting now mainly older machines; also threading needles | Thin enough for fine gauges and very short loops; slow, and needs the presser bar |
| Compound | A separate closing element (tongue or slider) slides over the hook | Tricot and many raschel machines; some circular and flat machines | Highest production speed and robust; needs two motions, one for the hook and one for the closer |
The merits column is the IIT Delhi course’s comparison, which also explains the speeds: a latch needle has to travel more than twice as far as a compound needle in each cycle, and a bearded needle has to slow down while the presser bar holds its beard shut (NPTEL, Knitting Technology, module 3). Groz-Beckert, the needle maker, makes latch needles for circular knitting “from coarse gauge up to E 80” and says its compound needles “form loops with the help of a closer”; with no latch striking the hook they withstand higher speeds (Groz-Beckert circular knitting). For warp knitting it lists compound and spring beard needles for tricot machines and latch and compound needles for raschel machines, and says spring beard needles are now “primarily still used in old warp knitting machines and as threading needles” (Groz-Beckert warp knitting; brochure). The compound needle was first patented by Jeacock of Leicester in 1856 and now dominates warp knitting (KSRCT). Its parts are named in ISO 8119-3 (ISO 8119-3:1992).
Weft knitting machines and warp knitting machines
Gauge, written E, is the number of needles per inch of bed: a coarse E2.5 knits chunky knitwear and an E18 fine, light fabric (Power, 2008). The site’s page on the needle bed of a knitting machine explains how it is measured. ISO 7839 classifies knitting machines and their terms (ISO 7839:2005).
Weft knitting machines
Weft knitting machines fall into four groups: circular, fully fashioned, flat-bed and complete-garment (Power, 2008).
- Circular single jersey. One set of needles in a revolving cylinder, with sinkers between them (NPTEL; Groz-Beckert), and many feeders round it, each knitting its own course. Mayer & Cie’s S4 3.2 II comes in cylinders of 15 to 38 inches and gauges E16 to E44, with 96 feeders and up to 39 rpm on a 30-inch cylinder (Mayer & Cie S4 3.2 II). ISO 12912 is the vocabulary for these machines (ISO 12912:2014).
- Circular double jersey. A second set of needles in a dial, working at right angles to the cylinder, knits rib and interlock (NPTEL). Mayer & Cie’s D4 2.2 II has 66 feeders and up to 38 rpm on a 30-inch machine, in E14 to E32, and also knits spacer fabric (Mayer & Cie D4 2.2 II).
- Flat V-bed. Two needle beds set in a V knit rib and purl, and a single bed knits single jersey (NPTEL). Shaping is done on the machine: Shima Seiki’s WHOLEGARMENT machines knit a whole garment “in three dimensions without seams” (Shima Seiki); its MACH2XS has four needle beds, knitting widths of 40 to 68 inches and gauges from 8 to 18 (MACH2XS).
- Seamless circular and fully fashioned. Electronic circular machines knit seamless garments; Santoni calls itself the world leader in seamless knitting machines (Santoni). Fully fashioned machines knit panels shaped as they are knitted, stitches being added to widen a row and knitted together to narrow it (Britannica).
Warp knitting machines: tricot and raschel
Tricot machines are associated with plain structures, raschel machines with lace, jacquards and fancy work (Power, 2008). Karl Mayer builds its tricot machines with two, three or four guide bars (Karl Mayer tricot machines), and on a tricot machine the fabric leaves the needles at about 90° to the incoming warp. A raschel machine has a trick plate to knock the loops over, takes the fabric off at about 170°, can carry dozens of guide bars, and its high take-up tension suits open structures and elastic inlays such as power-net (KSRCT). ISO 8640-1 names the parts of these flat warp knitting machines (ISO 8640-1:2004).
- Tricot. Karl Mayer’s two-bar HKS 2-S has an individual needle bar with compound needles, a slider bar, a sinker bar and two guide bars, in working widths of 130, 180 and 210 inches and gauges from E28 to E50 (Karl Mayer HKS 2-S). The company rates the HKS 2-S at up to 3,200 rpm (Karl Mayer, 20 November 2024) and the elastic-fabric HKS 2-SE at 4,400 rpm, calling it “the fastest warp knitting machine in the world” (Karl Mayer, 28 October 2025). The widest run slower: 3,800 rpm for the HKS 2-SE at 312 inches (29 June 2026) and up to 2,800 for the three-bar HKS 3-M EL at 330 inches (9 September 2026).
- Raschel. Karl Mayer’s RE 4-1, a four-bar raschel with compound needles (needle bar and tongue bar), is, in the maker’s words, “perfect for basic Power net”: guide bars 1 to 3 form stitches and bar 4 lays in, in widths of 170 to 258 inches and gauges E28 to E36 (RE 4-1; Karl Mayer, 2 July 2024). Lace comes from jacquard raschels such as its TEXTRONIC MT 84/1/40 S, 134 inches wide in E24 or E28 (Karl Mayer, 12 June 2026).
- Double-needle-bar raschel. Two needle beds knit two faces joined by yarns running between them, which is how spacer fabrics are made (NPTEL, module 8); Karl Mayer’s DM 6/2-6 EN runs at 850 rpm making spacer fabrics for luggage and furniture (Karl Mayer, 11 November 2024).
Warp knitting makes continuous widths only, while weft knitting can shape the edges of a panel or knit a whole garment (Power, 2008).
Basic structures of each method
Weft knitting has four base structures: plain (single jersey), rib, purl and interlock (Power, 2008). Single jersey shows columns of V-shaped loop legs on its technical face and loop heads on its back, and curls at the edges; rib turns some wales to each side, so it has no technical face or back (NPTEL; KSRCT). Interlock is two ribs knitted into each other, which gives it less stretch than rib (NPTEL), and purl, on machines with double-headed needles, has wales that carry both face and reverse loops (KSRCT). From the same yarn and loop length, the IIT Delhi course ranks them like this (NPTEL, module 2):
| Property | Order, highest first |
|---|---|
| Elastic stretch along the wale (lengthwise) | Purl, then plain and rib, then interlock |
| Elastic stretch along the course (widthwise) | Rib, then interlock, then plain and purl |
| Thickness | Interlock, then rib and purl, then plain |
| Width | Plain and purl, then interlock, then rib |
| Mass per unit area | Interlock, then rib and purl, then plain |
Warp knits are built from two or more guide bars whose laps differ. Two-bar structures such as locknit, sharkskin and queenscord are the staples (KSRCT), and locknit is the most popular warp knit, with extensive use in lingerie (Power, 2008). Raschel machines make lace, nets and power-net, an open-meshed elastic fabric used in the wings of bras and in inserts in sports leggings and swimwear (Karl Mayer). The full list of knitted fabrics, from jersey and fleece to tricot and lace, is on the site’s page of knitted fabrics and their types, and the general introduction to knitting and knitted fabrics sets knitting beside weaving.
Stretch, ladders and unravelling
Stretch. A weft knit has a lower modulus and more elastic stretch along the course than along the wale; in the simple warp knit the IIT Delhi course compares it with, the reverse holds (NPTEL, module 1). In weft knits the yarn can flow from one loop to the next, which is what gives them stretch, recovery and drape and makes them less stable than warp knits (Power, 2008). In theory a 1×1 rib has twice the width-wise recoverable stretch of plain fabric, and it will not unrove from the end knitted first, which is why it is used for cuffs and the tops of socks (KSRCT). In a warp knit the lapping decides it: a longer underlap on the front guide bar makes the fabric more extensible across its width, a pillar stitch stiffens it along the length, and laid-in yarns stiffen the direction they lie in (NPTEL, module 7). Elastane changes the picture for both: Mayer & Cie’s Relanit machines plate elastomeric yarn into single jersey, and Karl Mayer’s HKS 2-SE is built for elastic tricot (HKS 2-SE).
Ladders. Plain weft knit can be unravelled (unroved) from the course knitted last, by pulling the needle loops through from the technical back, or from the course knitted first. If its yarn breaks, the needle loops come apart down the wale and the sinker loops up it: a ladder. This is worst in fine hosiery, where smooth filament loops are held under tension, and cut edges of plain fabric fray unless they are secured in the seam. Rib and interlock cannot be unravelled from the end knitted first, though, like every weft knit, they can from the end knitted last (KSRCT).
Warp knits cannot be unroved course by course, because each yarn zigzags between wales, and this “provides warp knitted fabrics with the positive attribute of being ladder resistant” (Power, 2008). They ladder less easily than weft knits and many are locknit, with the stitches locked against runs (KSRCT), which is why Karl Mayer sells them as cut-and-sew friendly: “Knitted edges do not unravel” (Karl Mayer, 2 September 2025).
Which is faster? A worked example on two machines
Course notes based on Spencer’s textbook call warp knitting “the fastest method of converting yarn into fabric”, then add that modern weft knitting machines leave “very little difference in terms of production between the two forms of knitting” (KSRCT). The way to see both halves of that is to count loops. A circular machine knits one course at every feeder on every turn, so its courses a minute are rpm × feeders (NPTEL, module 4). A tricot machine knits a whole course across its bed in each knitting cycle, all needles moving together, so its rpm is its courses a minute (KSRCT). Here are two current machines at their makers’ top speeds.
| Weft: circular single jersey | Warp: two-bar tricot | |
|---|---|---|
| Machine and maker’s figures | Mayer & Cie S4 3.2 II: 30-inch cylinder, 96 feeders, up to 39 rpm | Karl Mayer HKS 2-S: 130 inches, E44, up to 3,200 rpm |
| Needles knitting | 2,262 (π × 30 in × 24 needles per inch, gauge E24) | 5,720 (130 in × 44 needles per inch) |
| Courses a minute | 3,744 (39 × 96) | 3,200 |
| Loops each needle makes a minute | 3,744 | 3,200 |
| Loops a minute, whole machine | 8.47 million | 18.3 million |
| Output | 31.0 kg an hour at 100% efficiency, 248 kg in an 8-hour shift, for the fabric below | “Around 200 kg of fabric” a day in E44, as Karl Mayer states |
The weft fabric is the IIT Delhi course’s own example: a 150 g/m² single jersey from 30s Ne cotton at E24, with 3.1 mm loops, 44.7 courses and 35.4 wales per inch when relaxed (NPTEL, module 4). In the site’s circular knitting production calculator, set to this machine and fabric, 39 rpm × 96 feeders gives 3,744 courses and 8,468,928 loops a minute, 1,575,221 m of yarn an hour and 31.01 kg of fabric an hour, 248.04 kg a shift, before any stops. The knitted GSM calculator, set to the same fabric, confirms the weight: 2,452,694 loops and 7,603 m of yarn in a square metre make 149.66 g/m². So the machine makes about 207 m² an hour (31.01 ÷ 0.1497), a tube about 1.6 m round (2,262 wales ÷ 35.4 per inch).
Now compare. Needle for needle, the two methods are close: each circular needle makes 3,744 loops a minute and each tricot needle 3,200, and between the fastest machine of each kind the gap narrows: Mayer & Cie rates its Relanit 3.2 HS II at up to 50 rpm with 96 feeders, 4,800 courses a minute (Relanit 3.2 HS II), and Karl Mayer its HKS 2-SE at 4,400 rpm. The tricot machine wins on the machine as a whole because its 130-inch bed at E44 holds 5,720 needles against the cylinder’s 2,262, so it forms more than twice as many loops a minute. Kilograms do not compare, because Karl Mayer’s 200 kg a day is a fine E44 fabric and the circular figure a 150 g/m² cotton jersey; to run the numbers for a tricot fabric of your own, enter its run-ins, yarns and course density in the warp knitting runner length and output calculator. For any machine, the levers are the same: real efficiency, and the loop length.
Loop length is the setting that moves everything: output in kilograms rises with it, the fabric gets lighter and looser (fewer wales and courses per inch; NPTEL), and a finer gauge with finer yarn gives less fabric per hour, in kilograms and in metres (NPTEL, module 4). The stitch length calculator turns a measured course length into loop length and tightness factor.
What yarn each method needs
Weft knitting takes yarn straight from cones on a creel, one or a few per feeder: it can knit from a single cone, and circular machines have been built with up to 192 feeders (KSRCT). Mayer & Cie’s single jersey machine can plate three yarns at every feeder (Mayer & Cie). Weft knitting accepts a wider range of yarn types than warp knitting (KSRCT), and the gauge follows the count: the IIT Delhi example sets E24 for 30s Ne cotton. Interlock needs finer yarn than single jersey on the same gauge, and uneven yarn shows up as different loop lengths at different feeders (NPTEL, module 4).
Warp knitting needs the yarn wound side by side onto beams first, so warping is part of the process (KSRCT). The numbers are large: a two-bar tricot machine of 28 gauge and 5 m width carries about 11,000 warp threads (NPTEL, module 6), and the HKS 2-S takes two 32-inch warp beams (Karl Mayer). Filament is the usual feed: locknit, the most popular warp knit, is mainly nylon filament, sometimes with spandex in the back (KSRCT). Staple yarns are possible but hard: Karl Mayer and Lenzing describe warp knitting cellulose staple yarns as presenting “significant technical challenges”, needing low hairiness so that lint does not build up, and an even cross-section for the strength “to process several thousand threads at maximum speed” (Karl Mayer, 3 February 2026).
End uses
Weft knits are the T-shirt and knitwear fabrics: single jersey for T-shirts and, in heavier yarns, classic knitwear; rib for welts, cuffs and close-fitting garments; purl for baby cardigans (Power, 2008). Mayer & Cie lists swimwear, sports and leisure, underwear, nightwear and outerwear for its single jersey machine, and technical textiles and spacer fabric for its double jersey (S4 3.2 II; D4 2.2 II). Socks and seamless garments come off electronic circular machines such as Santoni’s, and shaped and whole-garment knitwear off flat machines such as Shima Seiki’s.
Warp knits in fashion split into functional fabrics (lingerie, sportswear, outerwear) and decorative ones (lace, jacquards and nets), and Power (2008) named technical and medical as the fastest-growing users, from car upholstery and mattress covers to medical implants (Power, 2008). Karl Mayer lists automotive interiors, embroidery grounds and tulle, activewear, outerwear, intimate apparel and swimwear for its HKS 2-S, and mattress covers, velour, nets, sports and shoe fabrics and print bases for its HKS 2-M (HKS 2-S; HKS 2-M).
Questions
What is the difference between weft and warp knitting?
The direction the yarn travels. In weft knitting one yarn runs across the fabric and the needles form the loops of a course one after another from it; in warp knitting every needle has its own yarn from a beam, a whole course is formed at once, and each yarn zigzags along the fabric between wales. Weft knits stretch more and can ladder; warp knits are more stable and resist ladders.
What is weft knitting?
Knitting in which the loops are formed across the width of the fabric, each course from one yarn (or a few), fed to the needles in turn. It is done by hand and on circular and flat machines, and its four base structures are single jersey, rib, interlock and purl. T-shirts, jumpers and socks are weft knits.
What is warp knitting?
Knitting in which a sheet of parallel yarns from warp beams is lapped round a row of needles by guide bars, so the loops form along the length of the fabric and every needle knits at once. It is done on tricot and raschel machines and makes lingerie and swimwear fabrics, lace, power-net, nets and spacer fabrics.
Is hand knitting weft or warp? Can warp knitting be done by hand?
Hand knitting is weft knitting: the structures weft machines make are the ones “commonly associated with hand pin knitting” (Power, 2008). Warp knits are “produced only by machine” (Britannica), since every needle needs its own yarn, lapped round it at the same moment as all the others.
Which is more stable, a warp knit or a weft knit?
A warp knit. Its yarns zigzag between wales, and it is flatter, closer and more stable and ladders less easily, while a weft knit lets yarn flow from loop to loop and stretches more (KSRCT; Power, 2008). Among weft knits, interlock is a balanced, stable structure that lies flat without curling (KSRCT).
Is tricot a warp knit or a weft knit?
Tricot is a warp knit, made on a tricot warp knitting machine with compound needles and two to four guide bars. Britannica describes it as having fine vertical wales on the face and crosswise ribs on the back, and as used for lingerie and as a backing for laminated fabric.
Sources
- Course material: NPTEL, IIT Delhi, Introduction to Fabric Manufacturing, lesson 1.2, Knitting Technology, and Knitting Technology, module questions 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7 and 8; K.S. Rangasamy College of Technology, knitting course notes (KSRCT); New Zealand Qualifications Authority, unit standard 4720.
- Reference: J. Power, “Developments in apparel knitting technology”, in Advances in Apparel Production, Woodhead Publishing, 2008 (Staffordshire University repository); Encyclopaedia Britannica, knitting.
- Makers: Karl Mayer (HKS 2-S, HKS 2-M, RE 4-1, news of 2 July 2024, 11 November 2024, 20 November 2024, 2 September 2025, 28 October 2025, 3 February 2026, 12 June 2026, 29 June 2026 and 9 September 2026); Mayer & Cie (S4 3.2 II, Relanit 3.2 HS II, D4 2.2 II); Shima Seiki (WHOLEGARMENT, MACH2XS); Santoni; Groz-Beckert (circular, flat and warp knitting, warp knitting brochure).
- Standards: ISO 4921 (knitting, basic concepts), ISO 8388 (knitted fabric types), ISO 7839 (knitting machines), ISO 12912 (circular knitting machines), ISO 8640-1 (flat warp knitting machines), ISO 8119-3 (compound needles) and ASTM D8007 (wale and course count of weft knits).
How this page is kept
Last verified: 11 October 2026. Machine speeds, widths, gauges and feeder counts are the makers’ own figures, read on their sites on that date and attributed to the model they describe; when a maker launches a new model the figure is replaced, not averaged. The mechanism, needle and structure statements come from university course material and a published textbook chapter, named where they are used. The worked example uses the site’s circular knitting production and knitted GSM calculators as they stood on this date, and each prefilled link was opened to check that it shows the figures quoted.
Change log. 11 October 2026: rewritten in full. The earlier version gave no figure with a source and is corrected on these points: it said weft knitting machines are faster than warp knitting machines, when warp knitting is the faster method per machine; it described knitting machines as looms and knitting traditions as handlooms; it cited yarn test standards for testing knitted fabric; it presented invented formulas for fabric density, stability, yarn strength and design quality; and its unnamed mill “case studies” and its table of knitted fabric production to 2030 could not be traced and are withdrawn.
Found an error, or a newer figure from a maker? Please tell us through the contact page, naming the section and the source that disagrees.
